【PEP】High School Physics Elective Compulsory Volume 3

This textbook is the third volume of the elective compulsory series for high school physics, delving deeply into core topics such as molecular kinetic theory, states of matter and their transformations, thermodynamic laws, atomic structure, wave-particle duality, and nuclear physics, aiming to enhance students’ core competencies in physics.

Explore the mysteries of macroscopic thermodynamics and microscopic quantum phenomena; master the fundamental laws governing the physical world.

Author: Qiancheng Peng, Shubu Huang

Acknowledgments: Approved by the Expert Committee of the National Textbook Committee (2019)

1. Understand microscopic composition: Be able to state the basic principles of molecular kinetic theory, master calculations involving Avogadro’s constant, and comprehend the principle behind estimating molecular size using the oil film method.
2. Analyze motion and forces: Be able to distinguish between Brownian motion and thermal motion, and describe how intermolecular forces of attraction and repulsion vary with distance.
3. Master statistical laws: Be able to use a statistical perspective to explain the microscopic origin of gas pressure, and analyze how temperature affects the distribution curve of molecular speeds.
4. Understand and skillfully apply Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law to solve problems involving real gas state changes.
5. Master the ideal gas equation (\frac{pV}{T} = C) and be able to explain the microscopic origin of gas pressure from a molecular perspective.
6. Be able to differentiate physical properties between crystals and non-crystals, and understand the symmetry and anisotropy of crystal microstructures.
7. Understand the relationship among work, heat, and internal energy change; master the expression of the first law of thermodynamics \Delta U = Q + W, and perform quantitative calculations.
8. Be able to explain why perpetual motion machines of the first and second kind are impossible, from the perspectives of energy transformation and directionality.
9. Understand Clausius and Kelvin statements of the second law of thermodynamics, recognize the directionality of natural macroscopic processes, and grasp the principle of entropy increase.
10. Understand key quantized concepts such as quanta, photons, and energy levels; be able to apply Planck’s formula and Einstein’s photoelectric effect equation to solve physics problems.