【PEP】Junior High Biology - Grade 7, Volume 1

📚 Content Summary

This textbook is for first-year junior high school biology (Volume 1), covering foundational knowledge such as understanding living organisms, understanding the biosphere, the structure and function of cells, the composition of organisms, and the role of green plants in the biosphere.

Explore the mysteries of life and appreciate the vibrancy of the biosphere.

Author: Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research Institute, People's Education Press; Biology Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research and Development Center

Acknowledgments: Approved by the Ministry of Education in 2012, First Prize for National Excellent Textbooks, contributing writers include Wu Chengjun, Wang Weiguang, etc.

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Be able to state what observation is, and use observation methods combined with the six major characteristics of living things to determine whether an object is a living thing.
2. Master the general steps of a survey, and be able to independently complete a survey report on the types of organisms in the surrounding environment.
3. Be able to accurately classify surveyed organisms according to different criteria (morphological structure, living environment, usage).
4. Be able to identify and distinguish the ecological factors (abiotic factors and biotic factors) that affect the life of organisms, and provide examples of organisms adapting to and influencing the environment.
5. Master the basic methods of scientific inquiry, especially the design principles of controlled experiments (single variable, repeated trials).
6. Describe the components of an ecosystem, correctly write food chains, and analyze the flow of matter and energy within them, as well as the limits of self-regulation.
7. Accurately identify the names and functions of each part of a microscope (e.g., eyepiece, objective lens, focusing knobs).
8. Standardly demonstrate the steps for using a microscope: carrying and placing, adjusting the light, observing, and develop the habit of caring for precision instruments.
9. Summarize the imaging principles of a microscope (inverted image) and the calculation method for magnification.
10. Be able to explain the core role of the nucleus in heredity, and recognize that cellular life is the unity of matter, energy, and information changes.

🔹 Lesson 1: Understanding Organisms and Surveying Organisms in the Surrounding Environment

Overview: This teaching design covers the introductory basics of biology, focusing on helping students distinguish between living and non-living things using the two scientific methods of "observation" and "surveying." The course explores the six major characteristics of life in detail and guides students on how to survey biological species in a real environment and scientifically classify them based on morphological structure, living environment, and usage.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to state what observation is, and use observation methods combined with the six major characteristics of living things to determine whether an object is a living thing.
• Master the general steps of a survey, and be able to independently complete a survey report on the types of organisms in the surrounding environment.
• Be able to accurately classify surveyed organisms according to different criteria (morphological structure, living environment, usage).

🔹 Lesson 2: Understanding the Biosphere: Environmental Factors and Ecosystems

Overview: This teaching design covers the interrelationship between organisms and the environment, the structure and function of ecosystems, and the macroscopic perspective of the biosphere. It focuses on using scientific inquiry methods (controlled experiments) to guide students in understanding how environmental factors affect organisms. It then explains the predator-prey relationships (food chains/webs) within ecosystems and their self-regulation capabilities, finally raising the perspective to a global level, establishing the holistic view that "the biosphere is the common home for all living things."

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to identify and distinguish the ecological factors (abiotic factors and biotic factors) that affect the life of organisms, and provide examples of organisms adapting to and influencing the environment.
• Master the basic methods of scientific inquiry, especially the design principles of controlled experiments (single variable, repeated trials).
• Describe the components of an ecosystem, correctly write food chains, and analyze the flow of matter and energy within them, as well as the limits of self-regulation.

🔹 Lesson 3: Observing Cells: Microscope Structure and Usage

Overview: This lesson aims to guide students in recognizing the basic structure of a light microscope and mastering standard operating procedures. Through experiments, students will learn how to correctly adjust the light, observe images, understand the imaging characteristics of the microscope (inverted image), and the logical relationship between magnification and the number/size of cells in the field of view, laying the foundation for subsequent observation of cell structures.

Learning Outcomes:

• Accurately identify the names and functions of each part of a microscope (e.g., eyepiece, objective lens, focusing knobs).
• Standardly demonstrate the steps for using a microscope: carrying and placing, adjusting the light, observing, and develop the habit of caring for precision instruments.
• Summarize the imaging principles of a microscope (inverted image) and the calculation method for magnification.

🔹 Lesson 4: Cellular Life Activities and the Structural Hierarchy of Organisms

Overview: This unit covers the entire process of constructing an organism from the microscopic cell level to the macroscopic organism level. It first clarifies that the nucleus is the control center of life and reveals that cellular life is a unity of matter, energy, and information. It then explores how cells increase in number through division (involving chromosome changes) and form tissues through differentiation. Finally, it details the distinct structural hierarchies of animals (including humans) and plants, using Paramecium as an example to demonstrate the fascinating structure of a single-celled organism independently completing life activities.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to explain the core role of the nucleus in heredity, and recognize that cellular life is the unity of matter, energy, and information changes.
• Describe the basic process of cell division, specifically explaining the replication and equal distribution of chromosomes during division and their significance.
• Identify the main tissues and structural levels of animals and plants, able to distinguish between the concepts of organ and organ system.

🔹 Lesson 5: Green Plants in the Biosphere: Groups and Seed Structure

Overview: This courseware covers the first three of the four major plant groups in the biosphere (algae, bryophytes/mosses, ferns) and the basic structure of seed plants. Students will understand the evolutionary logic of plants moving from water to land and from simple to complex through the adaptive relationship between morphological structure and living environment, with a key focus on mastering the structural differences between bean and corn seeds.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to summarize the main characteristics of algae, bryophytes, and ferns, and their roles in the biosphere.
• Through observation experiments, accurately identify and describe the structural components of bean seeds and corn seeds.
• Be able to distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons, understanding that the embryo is the young plant body.

🔹 Lesson 6: The Life Cycle of Angiosperms: From Seed Germination to Fruit Formation

Overview: This course covers the complete life cycle of angiosperms, starting from the seed, going through germination, growth, development, and culminating in flowering and fruit formation. It focuses on the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms, scientific methods for testing seed germination, the microscopic growth mechanisms of roots and shoots, and the key biological process of fruit formation through pollination and fertilization. Through this unit, students will build a systematic understanding of the plant life cycle and master scientific experimental methods like sampling.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to accurately distinguish between gymnosperms and angiosperms, and identify the basic structures of a plant root tip and bud.
• Describe the processes of seed germination, young root growth, branch development, and the nutrients required for plant growth.
• Describe the processes of flowering, pollination, and fertilization, and explain the origin of fruits and seeds.

🔹 Lesson 7: Green Plants and the Water Cycle in the Biosphere

Overview: This lesson covers the entire process of water absorption by green plants from the roots, upward transport through the xylem, and eventual loss to the atmosphere through transpiration from the leaves. It focuses on how the anatomical structure of the leaf (e.g., stomata and guard cells) regulates this process and the significant regulatory role of forests as "green reservoirs" in the biosphere's water cycle.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to accurately describe the main site of water absorption by roots (maturation zone/root hair zone) and the pathway of water transport within the plant (xylem).
• Be able to identify and describe the structure of a leaf (epidermis, mesophyll, veins), explaining the role of stomata as "gates" and "windows."
• Acknowledge the significance of green plants participating in the biosphere's water cycle through transpiration, fostering an awareness of protecting forests.

🔹 Lesson 8: Green Plants as Makers of Organic Matter: Photosynthesis

Overview: This lesson focuses on the core life activity of green plants – photosynthesis. By analyzing classic experiments like "making organic matter in green leaves under light," it reveals the raw materials (carbon dioxide and water), conditions (light), location (chloroplasts), and products (organic matter and oxygen) of photosynthesis. Students will understand that the essence of photosynthesis is the unity of matter transformation and energy conversion, and explore its practical applications for increasing yield in agricultural production.

Learning Outcomes:

• Accurately describe the experimental steps for "making organic matter in green leaves under light," and explain the principles behind shading/shielding and adding iodine solution.
• Be able to write the formula for photosynthesis, explaining its biological significance in synthesizing organic matter and storing energy.
• Provide examples of how reasonable dense planting and increasing carbon dioxide concentration are applied in agricultural yield enhancement.

🔹 Lesson 9: Respiration in Green Plants and the Carbon-Oxygen Balance

Overview: This lesson focuses on the complete process of respiration in green plants and its macroscopic significance in the biosphere. It explores how organic matter breaks down and releases energy with the involvement of oxygen. Through demonstration experiments, it summarizes the formula and essence of respiration, emphasizing that respiration is a common feature of all living things. Finally, by analyzing the opposing and unifying relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, it explains the key role of green plants in maintaining the atmospheric carbon-oxygen balance.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to describe the process of respiration in green plants and accurately write its chemical equation.
• Acknowledge that respiration is a common feature of all living things, and its essence is the breakdown of organic matter to release energy.
• Provide examples of the crucial role of green plants in maintaining the carbon-oxygen balance in the biosphere, cultivating an awareness of low-carbon living.

🔹 Lesson 10: Cherishing Vegetation, Greening the Motherland

Overview: This lesson aims to guide students in recognizing China's main vegetation types and their characteristics, and understanding the severe problems currently facing China's vegetation (such as insufficient forest resources, grassland degradation, and land desertification). Through data comparison and analysis of the current situation, it aims to enhance students' sense of responsibility for environmental protection, discuss specific measures for protecting vegetation, and implement the environmental concept of "Cherish vegetation, start with me."

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to accurately name the six main types of vegetation in China and their distribution environment characteristics.
• Through data comparison and analysis, explain the main problems facing China's vegetation, such as low per capita forest area and grassland desertification.
• Acknowledge the significance of cherishing vegetation and greening the motherland, and be able to propose slogans or specific action plans for protecting vegetation based on real-life contexts.